Symbolic Method and Thematic Function in The Scarlet Letter

Abstract

In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne makes an extensive use of symbols. The symbolic deployment of color, the action of the main character, words and names are rhetorically effective and thematically significant. While functioning as a structural principle that propels the plot development, this method encapsulates the theme of redemption. This paper argues that Hawthorne uses this method to critique rigid Puritan codes and express his attitude toward the concept of “original sin”. The scarlet letter “A” is a controlling symbol in The Scarlet Letter and has structural function and thematic significance. First is the structural function of the scarlet letter “A”. The scarlet letter “A” runs through the whole novel, weaving together the four main characters and it is inextricably linked to character relations and the main scenes. At the same time, the meaning of the letter “A” changes as the plot and characters develop, and varies according to the observer’s foothold. It is interpreted differently by readers of different times, ages and backgrounds. Next is the thematic significance of the scarlet letter “A”. As a controlling symbol that links the narrative components of the plot, the scarlet letter “A” reflects the theme of it. The process of changing the symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter “A” is the process of Hawthorne’s criticism of Puritanism and his vindication of Hester, as well as the vindication of “original sin” from the perspective of the human nature. In the beginning, the scarlet letter “A” symbolizes “adultery”. It is also the initials of Arthur- Hester’s lover, representing her amour. Later, as the plot develops and Hester earns respect for her virtues, the meaning of the “A” gradually transforms into the meaning of “able” and “angel”. By the end of the novel, as Hester gradually awakens, the letter “A” takes on the meaning of “amazon”, representing Hester’s struggle against Puritan rule. At the same time, the scarlet letter “A” symbolizes the relationship of the characters in the novel. The initials of the main character- Arthur Dimmesdale’s name “A” and “D” are the initials of the “adultery”, representing his adultery with Hester. The other main character, Roger Chillingworth, is a symbol of the religious forces. He buries Hester’s youth and leads to Arthur’s tragedy. His name symbolizes him as a chilly revenger. The Pearl represents the existence of adultery in the novel and is a symbol of “the scarlet letter”. Her name is a symbol of hope and her happy ending is a symbol of a better future. The paper argues that through the use of symbol, Hawthorne expresses his views on “original sin”. Hawthorne exposes the cruelty of Puritanism and offers a way for the “sinful” to redeem themselves through good works.